VERB MOODS

Hi! Let’s proceed to Verb Moods. It is discussed by the third demo teacher, Ms. Cabibijan. According to her, there are three verb moods in English:  indicative, imperative, subjunctive.

 

Indicative Mood

Indicative mood expresses an assertion, denial, or question.
Example:

Have you finished your homework?

Ostriches cannot fly

 

Imperative Mood

Imperative mood expresses command, prohibition, entreaty, or advice.

 

Example:

Be careful!
Don’t drown that puppy!

 

Subjunctive Mood

Subjunctive Mood expresses possibility or wish.

 

Example:

If I were you, I wouldn’t keep driving on those tires.
If he were governor, we’d be in better fiscal shape.

 

VERB ASPECTS (PERFECT & PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)

This is like a part two for verb aspects, with Mr. Torres. But this time, let’s talk about the Perfect and Perfect Progressive Aspect.

 

Progressive

The progressive form expresses continuous actions that happen over a period of time. They almost always involve some combination of the verb “to be” paired with the main verb ending in -ing.

 

Past Progressive

Past progressive verbs express actions that began in the past and were continuous, but did not continue into the present. In the past progressive tense, the main verb is paired with the past tense of the verb “to be” (was/were) to show that the action occurred continually in the past.

 

Present Progressive

Present progressive verbs express actions that are continuous, and are still happening at the present moment. In present progressive, the main verb is paired with the present tense of the verb “to be” (is/are) to show that the action is happening currently.

 

Future Progressive

Future progressive verbs express actions that will begin in the future and be continuous. In future progressive, the main verb is paired with the future tense of the verb “to be” (will be) to show that the action will begin in the future.

 

Perfect Progressive

The perfect progressive is a combination of the perfect and progressive aspects. Perfect progressive refers to the completed portion of an ongoing action. It almost always involves a form of the verb “have” and a form of the verb “to be” combined with a verb ending in -ing.

 

Past Perfect Progressive

Verbs in past perfect progressive express a continuous, completed action that had taken place in the past. Use “had been” combined with the -ing form of the main verb.

 

Present Perfect Progressive

Verbs in present perfect progressive express a continuous action that began in the past and continues into the present. Use “has been” or “have been” combined with the -ing form of the main verb.

 

Future Perfect Progressive

Verbs in future perfect progressive express a continuous, completed action that will have taken place in the future. Use “will have been” combined with the -ing form of the main verb.

 

VERB ASPECTS

Hey! Let’s talk about Verb Aspects. Aspect is like a subcategory of a tense. The aspect of a verb is determined by whether the action is on going or completed.

 

SIMPLE ASPECT

The simple aspect describes a general action, one that is neither continuous nor completed. It is usually used to describe an action that takes place habitually.

Simple Past

Verbs in simple past describe a normal or habitual action that began in the past,  and used to happen but no longer does.

 

Simple Present

Verbs in simple present describe a habitual action that still occurs in the present.

 

Simple Future

Verbs in simple future describe an action that will begin in the future, and occur with regularity or certainty. To describe an action that will happen in the future, precede your main verb with “will,” “shall,” or another word or phrase indicating that the action occurs in the future.

Example:

Simple present- conquers
Simple past- conquered
Simple future- will conquer

 

PERFECT ASPECT

The perfect form refers to events that have been completed, but are still relevant to the speaker in the present moment. It almost always involves some form of the verb “have” combined with another verb.

 

Past Perfect

Verbs in past perfect express an action that both began and was completed in the past. Use “had” paired with the main verb in simple past tense.

 

Present Perfect

Verbs in present perfect express actions that began in the past, and have just now been completed. Use “has” or “have” paired with the main verb in simple past tense.

 

Future Perfect

Verbs in future perfect express actions that will be completed in the future. Use “will have” paired with the main verb in simple past tense.

Formula:

Past perfect- “had” + past participle
Present perfect- “has/have”+ past participle
Future perfect- “will have” + past participle

 

Example:

WALK

Past Perfect                     had walked

Present Perfect              have walked

Future Perfect                will have walked

TENSES OF VERBS

Hi! For today’s lesson with Ms. Linasan, we talked about the Tenses of Verbs. 

 

There are three basic tenses in English: Present, Past, and Future. Each tense can be divided into two: simple — which are tenses of verbs acting over a specific time;  and continuous — which refers to tenses of verbs that are done repeatedly.

 

Present Tense

The present tense is a tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed, or a state that currently or generally exists.

 

Past Tense

The past tense is a  tense whose function is to place an action or situation in past time.

 

Future Tense

A future tense  is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.

 

 

 

TYPES OF VERBS

 

Now, Let’s talk about the type of verbs with Ms. Monserrat. The types of verbs are Stative, Dynamic, Finite and Nonfinite verbs, and Regular and Irregular verbs.

STATIVE VERBS

Stative verbs  are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They refer  to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change.  They relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states of being and measurements. Note that verbs related to senses are followed by an adjective, not an adverb.

 

DYNAMIC VERBS

Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as “action verbs”) usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen.

 

FINITE VERB VS NONFINITE VERBS

Verbs which have the past or the present form are called Finite verbs. Verbs in any other form (infinitive, -ing, or -ed) are called Nonfinite verbs. This means that verbs with tense are finite, and verbs without tense are nonfinite.

 

REGULAR VERBS

A regular verb is a verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form.

 

Example:

BASE FORM                    PAST FORM                 PAST PARTICIPLE

work                                   worked                        worked

dance                                 danced                         danced

 

IRREGULAR VERBS

Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple  or past participle form of verbs.

 

Example:

BASE FORM                    PAST FORM                 PAST PARTICIPLE

think                                thought                        thought

drive                                 drove                             driven

 

PRONOUNS

And we’re back! We’re now done with nouns, so let us proceed to pronouns with Ms. Lyca. Pronouns are words that take the place of a noun. Through the use of pronouns, we can avoid redundancy.

Ms. Lyca taught us about the cases of pronouns. These are Subjective, Objective and Possessive, just like those of nouns.

Example:

Pronouns used as subjects or predicate nominatives (Subjective):

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who

 

Pronouns used as objects (objective case):

me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom

 

Ms. Claire also explained the difference and usage of You and I and You and me in a sentence. You and I is used if its function is a subject to the sentence whille You and me is used if it would function as the object in the sentence.

 

 

KINDS OF PRONOUNS 

 

It was discussed by Ms. Nikka. According to her, there are seven kind of pronouns. These are: Indefinite pronouns, Demonstrative, Interrogative, Relative, Intensive, Reflexive and Reciprocal pronouns.

Demonstrative Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing.

Examples: “Such was his understanding.” “Those are totally awesome.”

Indefinite Pronouns

These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody.

Example: “Everyone is already here.”

Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever.

Example: “Who will you bring to the party?”

Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that.

Example: “The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.”

Intensive Pronouns

These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves.

Example: “He himself is his worst critic.”

Reflexive Pronouns

There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones that end in “self” or “selves.” They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun.

She hung herself.

Reciprocal Pronouns

It is used to refer to a mutual set of people.

For example: They have granted each other’s wishes.

NOUNS

CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS

 

Oh goody! It’s AEG Time with Mr. Chamberlain! He discussed the classifications of nouns which are Proper and Common Nouns, Count and Non count, Abstract and Concrete, Collective, Compound, Material, Gender Specific, and Singular and Plural Nouns.

 

What are Proper and Common Nouns? 

Proper nouns are names of specific people, places, things or ideas. Since they are naming specific things, they always start with a capital letter.

On the other hand, Common Nouns are general names or terms. They do not start with a capital letter. They name people, places, things or ideas that are not specific.

Example:

PROPER NOUNS                                               COMMON NOUNS

Ariana Grande                                                   singer

Philippines                                                         country

Johnny Depp                                                       actor

 

How about Count and Non count Nouns? 

Count nouns refer to things that can be divided up into smaller units which are separate and distinct from one another. They usually refer to what can individually be seen or heard. These are nouns that can be expressed in plural form, usually with an “s.”  Non count nouns refer to things that cannot be counted because they are regarded as wholes which cannot be divided into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have a collective meaning nouns are those that usually cannot be expressed in a plural form.

Example:

 

Count noun                                     Non Count noun

cat                                                      food

season                                              money

table                                                  anger

 

Cat, season and table can be expressed in plural form: cats, seasons, tables. These are count nouns. In contrast, non count nouns like food, money and anger can’t be expressed in plural form.

 

What are Abstract and Concrete nouns?

Abstract nouns name things you cannot see, hear, smell, taste or fell. In other words, abstract nouns are not tangible. They name actions, events, ideas, states of mind and qualities.

Concrete nouns are perceivable by the senses and name something you can see, hear, smell, taste or touch. These include people, animals, places and objects. Consider the following concrete nouns:

 

Concrete Nouns                                     Abstract Nouns

dentist                                                     childhood

gorilla                                                       energy

cake                                                            kindness

What are Collective nouns?

Collective nouns are words for single things that are made up of more than one person, animal, place, thing, or idea. You can’t have a team without individual members; even so, we discuss a team as a single entity.

Example:

• herd

• jury

• team

 

What are Material nouns?

Material Nouns are names of materials or substances out of which things they are made.  Usually refers to raw materials like : nature, animals, plants, man-made

Example:
gold

iron

silver

 

What are Compound nouns?

Compound nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or other nouns. There are three kinds of a compound noun: Separated,Hyphenated and Combined.

 

What are Gender specific nouns? 

A gender-specific noun refers specifically to a male or a female.When a noun’s meaning makes its gender masculine or feminine, it is said to be a gender-specific noun. There is also a neutral gender-specific noun.

Example:

actress / waitress / vixen / bitch / sow (gender specific – female)

Dad / bull / uncle / drake / ram / boar / (a castrated male sheep or goat)

 

What are plural and singular nouns?

A plural noun is a word that indicates that there is more than one person, animal place, thing, or idea.. A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea.

 

 

NOUNS

NOUN CASES

And we’re back. This time, we’re studying nouns, specifically its cases with Ms. Lynndy. According to her, The case of a noun tells us about the position of that noun in a sentence.

 

MAJOR CASES OF NOUNS

 

There are actually three major cases of nouns. These are NOMINATIVE  CASE, OBJECTIVE CASE AND POSSESSIVE CASE.

 

NOMINATIVE CASE

A noun is said to be in the Nominative case if it is the subject of a verb. The subject is the person or the thing who or which carries out the action of the verb in the sentence.

Example:

The singer sings the song.

The singer is a common noun in Nominative case.

SUBJECTIVE CASE

The subjective case is used for a noun or pronoun which is the subject of a verb.

Example:

Ellaine eats pies.

The noun Ellaine is the subject of the verb eats. Ellaine is in the subjective case. 

 

POSSESSIVE CASE

A noun is said to be in possessive case, if it denotes possession or ownership. A noun or pronoun in the possessive case is governed by the noun that follows it.

Example:

This is your bag.

Here, “Your” is in possessive case.

 

Other than these, there are also two more cases of nouns such as DATIVE and VOCATIVE CASE.

 

DATIVE CASE

A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect object of the verb or the noun for whom or for which the action of the verb is carried out. There should not be a preposition before the indirect object because in that case it will be the object of that preposition.

Example:

Get him some tissue.

Him” is in dative case.

 

VOCATIVE CASE

A noun or a pronoun is said to be in Vocative case if it is used to call (or to get the attention of) a person or persons.

Example:

Kaye, flowers for you.

Kaye is in vocative case.

 

ARE NOUN CASES IMPORTANT?

Ms. Lynndy did a very great job in explaining noun cases and what their uses and importance are in a sentence.

And YES! Noun cases are important. Without noun cases, you wouldn’t able to use and understand the function that is performed by the noun in a phrase or sentence.

GRAMMAR

Hooray! It’s Advance English Grammar time!

We finally had our very first lesson in Advance English Grammar with Ma’am Claire. First off? Introduction to AEG!

According to Ma’am Claire, Grammar is one of the things that would and should stay to a student’s mind even if they have graduated. She said that we can all forget about Linguistics, Registers, Discourse Analysis and other subjects that we had in our course, but what we could never and SHOULD NEVER forget is our proper use of grammar.

I agree to that, because grammar is a must, especially when the time comes that we already have our jobs. Imagine yourself trying to compose an email to your boss, without using the correct grammar, what a disaster it would be. It might even cost you your job!

 

 

A LITTLE THROWBACK

Before anything else, Ma’am Claire gave us a little review of what we previously had discussed in our lower years. She talked about Language and its components, which are the sentence structure, word structure, meaning and sound.

Language is a system of arbitrary sounds and symbols used in human communication.

Since Language is a system, it:

• has rules to follow
• is composed of many other systems

She also talked about segmentals and suprasegmentals.

 

 

WHAT IS GRAMMAR? 

Grammar refers to the rules of a particular, relatively well defined variety of English.

 

DESCRIPTIVE VS PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it’s actually used by speakers and writers.Prescriptive grammar  refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used. 

So basically Descriptive grammar simply just describe grammar as it is while Prescriptive grammar refers to the wrongness and correctness of a language.

 

FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

Functional grammar is all about the function of words.

Example: CAN

I can ride a bike.

She keeps on throwing the can. 

 

On the examples above, The word can can function as a noun or a modal verb. That is what functional grammar is all about. It is concerned with the function of a language relate to structure.

 

PEDAGOGICAL GRAMMAR

It is a modern approach in linguistics intended to aid in teaching an additional language. In simple terms, pedagogical is teaching grammar. It is designed specifically for teaching purposes or learning a language, or for developing one’s mother tongue.

 

GRAMMATICALITY

A sentence is said to be grammatical when it conforms to the rules defined by a specific grammar of a language.

 

 

VERBS

Here we go with Verbs with Ms. Darlene! According to her, Verbs are words that expresses time while showing actions. She talked about Action verbs, Linking verbs, Intransitive verbs and Transitive verbs.

 

Action verbs

Action Verbs are verbs that express action by someone or something.

Example:  run, walk, do, drive.

 

Linking verbs

Linking verbs connect the subject with a word that gives information about the subject, such as a condition or relationship.The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been. Linking verbs are also called Be verbs.

 

Intransitive verbs

Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object in order to complete their meaning. Many are followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition or verb complement (gerund or infinitive).

Example:

If Cathy continues to be late for work, the boss will fire her.
(Continues is followed by an infinitive (to be), with no direct object.)

 

Transitive verbs

Transitive verbs always receive a direct object

Example.Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion.
(His boss is the direct object of annoys and a promotion is the direct object of get)